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Pulcheria
Aelia Pulcheria (January 19, 398 or 399 – 453) was the second child of Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius and Empress Aelia Eudoxia. Her older sister was Flaccilla, born in 397 but assumed to have died young. Her younger siblings were Arcadia, born in 400, Theodosius II, the future emperor, and Marina, both born in 401.〔Jones, A.H.M, J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.〕 When her father died in 408, Theodosius II was made Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, at seven years of age. On July 4, 414 a fifteen-year-old Pulcheria proclaimed herself regent over him, then thirteen years of age, and made herself Augusta and Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. According to the historian Sozomen, in his Ecclesiastical History, Pulcheria took a vow of virginity when she became Augusta, and her sisters followed suit. Theodosius II died on July 26, 450, and Pulcheria soon married Marcian on November 25, 450. Marcian and Pulcheria were proclaimed Emperor and Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. Three years later, in July 453, Pulcheria died and was later made a saint by the Church.〔''Women in World History: A biographical encyclopedia''. Edited by Anne Commire and Deborah Klezmer. Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications. 1999-2002.〕 Pulcheria is known to have held a significant amount of power in her brother's reign as emperor. Pulcheria was also the greatest influence over the church and theological practices of this time by presiding and guiding two of the most important Councils in Church history( Ephesus and Chalcedon), including over anti-pagan policies, church-building projects, and the debate over the Marian title ''Theotokos'' ("Birth-giver to God").
== Early life ==
Pulcheria was born into the royal House of Theodosius, a dynasty of the later Roman empire, ruling in Constantinople. Her mother, Eudoxia, was also powerful and of great influence over the church, although not in the same way that Pulcheria would gain influence. Arcadius' reign was marked by the conflict between his wife and the Archbishop of Constantinople John Chrysostom〔“Although his reign (Arcadius) was short, it is remembered in part for the controversial conflicts Eudoxia encountered with John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople from 398 to 404." - Limberis, Vasiliki. ''Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople''. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. p.37〕 Sozomen claims that much of the rivalry was based on an ornate statue made in the honor of Eudoxia which Chrysostom condemned: ''"The silver statue of the empress...was placed upon a column of porphyry; and the event was celebrated by loud acclamations, dancing, games, and other manifestations of public rejoicing...John declared that these proceedings reflected dishonor on the church."''〔Sozomen. ''The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440''. Translated by Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1855. p.391〕 Also according to Sozomen, John had condemned the empress for her grandiose style of ruling over the empire in his sermons in the church, which enraged the empress and resulted in John immediately being deposed. Later in life, Pulcheria would bring back the remains of John Chrysostom and make them into relics for the church, in gratitude for his pious life.〔Holum, Kenneth G. ''Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity''. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1982. p.184〕 Eudoxia died in 404 and the emperor Arcadius, in 408. The emperor left behind four young children, including a seven-year-old Theodosius II, who was made emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire immediately after the death of his father. Two praetorian prefects were selected as regents over him, Anthemius and Antiochus. Eventually Pulcheria would take over as regent for her brother.
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